Amazon Riverboat Exploration

Expedition Briefing

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The Research

The Yarapa River, which is situated between Peru’s Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve and the Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Community Reserve, is home to a vast array of wildlife, from pink river dolphins and caimans in the waters to monkeys and extraordinary birds in the canopy. However, recent climate fluctuations characterized by successive intensive floods and droughts are impacting the aquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal species in the flooded forests, which is, in turn, impacting the local people.

Droughts cause decreases in fish, dolphin, caiman, and wading bird populations, and intense floods cause die-offs of ground-dwelling terrestrial mammals, such as peccaries, deer, large rodents, and edentates (Bodmer et al., 2018). Long-term data sets collected by this project and ongoing data collection are helping to show how community-based approaches conserve biodiversity in the face of these climatic fluctuations and help the livelihoods of indigenous people. 

Since 2006, the Earthwatch-supported Amazon Riverboat Exploration project has worked to set up long-term programs to conserve biodiversity and to develop community-based conservation strategies to safeguard wildlife (Bodmer & Puertas 2007). We work together with the local people because they are the true guardians of the forest, and the information provided by our research can help them make appropriate decisions on how best to save the Amazon (Bodmer et al., 2020).

Community-based conservation was initiated by the project in the 1980s when it helped set up the first community reserve in the Peruvian Amazon, the Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Community Reserve, which was used as a model to set new reserves and manage national reserves and Indigenous territories. Today, regional community reserves, community co-managed national reserves, and Indigenous territories make up 160,000 km2 or half of the region of Loreto. Wildlife research was fundamental in setting up sustainable use and management in these community areas and continues to validate this successful conservation strategy.

However, new threats are on the horizon. As part of a plan to modernize the infrastructure network between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans, a Mega Hydrovia project will be implemented to make Amazonian rivers navigable year-round. To achieve this, they will dredge shallow points on the Ucayali, Marañon, and Huallaga Rivers to deepen them. The proposed dredging will likely change the water level of the rivers and impact wildlife and people, but there has been no scientific analysis to determine what those impacts will be. Using a Matrix model and Earthwatch research, this project aims to predict the possible impacts of dredging if water levels are changed (Bodmer et al. 2019).

Even the most up-to-date conservation strategies become obsolete each year as new challenges emerge. Thanks to consistent year-round monitoring conducted with the support of Earthwatch volunteers, these challenges can be identified and responded to as they happen.

Amazon Riverboat Exploration

How You Will Help

The research results from this project have been used to scientifically demonstrate the sustainability of wildmeat hunting, fishing, and native palm fruit harvests. Local communities, NGOs, and governments use the research results as a basis for management plans in the Peruvian Amazon. The project has long-term quantitative data sets spanning more than three decades that are used to analyze the impacts of climate change on vertebrate fauna, and results are used to demonstrate the need for climate change action. The Peruvian Amazon is a carbon sink largely due to the community-based conservation happening in over 60% of Loreto. Results from the project’s research show how the Indigenous people are conserving intact forests with complete biodiversity through traditional resource use practices refined by scientific evidence. 

MONITORING WILDLIFE POPULATIONS

As an Earthwatch volunteer, you’ll help the research staff survey animals, determine the size and composition of animal groups, determine distances to the animals, record information on datasheets, and weigh and measure animals. You’ll also visit community-based conservation plans in local indigenous villages.

The overarching research questions are: What are the populations of aquatic, terrestrial and arboreal species and how do animal populations change from climate change, dredging and community conservation, and sustainable use? You will help survey a variety of species that include river dolphins, wading & aquatic birds, fishing bats (Noctilio leporinus), fish, caimans, frogs, large felids, giant river otters (Pteronura brasiliensis), ungulates and large rodents, macaws, primates, and game birds. Population trends of these species will be correlated with water level data, which are categorized into normal, extreme drought, and intensive flood conditions (Cook Espinoza et al., 2013).

METHODS

Densities and abundances of species assemblages will be estimated annually in the Yarapa and Tahuayo River basins of the Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo community reserve. Methods will differ between species assemblages, including distance sampling, fixed width, line transects, catch-per-unit effort, point counts, age structure, and camera traps (Buckland et al. 2004). 

The pink river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) and the grey river dolphin (Sotalia fluviatilis) are indicator species for the aquatic ecosystem. Dolphin surveys are conducted in lakes, channels and rivers and will involve visual surveys, side-scan sonar surveys, and listening for dolphin echolocation signals through underwater microphones or hydrophones. 

Macaws, parrots, and parakeets eat fruits and seeds and are used as general indicators of terrestrial forests. Fifteen-minute point counts along the river, streams, and lakes are used to estimate the abundance of these colorful birds.

Shoreline birds are indicators of the aquatic ecosystem, especially regarding fish production. Common species include herons, cormorants, egrets, ducks, terns, jacanas, screamers, hawks, osprey, and kingfishers, among others. Shoreline transects conducted from aluminum boats and canoes record the number of birds per kilometer of shoreline.

Fish populations are surveyed to determine the impact of climate change on this important resource for local people. Surveys focus on species commonly used by people, are conducted using gill nets and hook-and-line fishing and are compared with abundance observations employing side-scan sonar.

Terrestrial mammals and game birds are surveyed to examine the impact of climate change on wild meat species. Mammalian groups include species of primates, ungulates, rodents, carnivores, edentates, and marsupials. Game birds include guans, curassow, tinamous, and trumpeters. Surveys are done on foot using trails of 2–3 kilometers.

Camera traps are better at surveying the secretive ground-dwelling species than terrestrial transects such as jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor), tapirs (Tapirus terrestris), peccaries, red brocket deer (Mazama americana), anteaters and large rodents and nocturnal species such as opossums, armadillos, ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) and pacas (Cuniculus paca). Digital camera traps with motion sensors are used to "capture" these terrestrial species to assess their presence and abundance. 

Caiman surveys evaluate caiman populations' status to study climate change's impacts. Black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), Common or Spectacled Caiman (Caiman cocodrilos) and Smooth Fronted or Dwarf Caiman (Paleosuchus trigonatus) are surveyed at night using spotlights along shore-line transects.

Monitoring fishing bats is done by visual and acoustic count using a bat box and carried out at night.

Frog surveys will take place on the many “floating meadows” along the region's rivers, lakes, and channels. These floating mats of vegetation provide habitat for a rich array of wildlife-including frogs-but when they break free from where they are anchored, they also become rafts and important vectors of dispersal for those on board. 

The expedition's results will be shared with local community members near the end of each team, providing them with important information for their management and conservation strategies.

Amazon Riverboat Exploration

Accommodations and Food

* Please note that not every expedition has couples or single accommodations available. Please call or email Earthwatch to check availability before reserving your space(s) on the team.

ON BOARD THE RESEARCH BOATS

For the duration of the expedition, teams will stay on the Rio Amazonas, a large, authentic boat from the days of early steam navigation on the Amazon, all restored to conditions near their original designs. The Rio Amazonas is 44 meters long and nine meters wide and was once one of the largest rubber transport boats on the Peruvian Amazon. She was built in Scotland in 1899 as a rubber transport steamship and, in the mid-1900s, transitioned into a cargo and passenger ship and regularly navigated the 2,000-mile route from Iquitos to Belem at the mouth of the Amazon. In the early 1980s, she became a tourist boat, and it was restored in 2012 by the Historic Boat Museum in Iquitos.

SLEEPING

The Rio Amazonas has comfortable accommodations in shared and single-occupancy cabins. If you would like to request a single, please notify Earthwatch. All cabins have single beds (no bunk or double beds), air-conditioning using a solar system, a desk, and a wardrobe. Cabins and toilets are cleaned daily. Showers have hot solar water. Linens are provided, bedding is changed for you, and laundry is done regularly (usually every couple of days). Laundry is also available for personal items for a small tip. It is washed in a communal space, so labeling your clothes is helpful if you use this service.

* Earthwatch will respectfully and without judgment honor each person’s assertion of gender identity. For both teen and adult teams, where logistics dictate single-sex accommodations or other facilities, participant placements will be made in accordance with the gender identity the participant specified on their Earthwatch Participant form and/or preferences indicated in discussions with Earthwatch.

BATHROOMS

Each cabin has an attached private bathroom with a shower and a conventional toilet and sink. Towels, soap, shampoo, and toilet paper are provided, but we recommend you bring biodegradable soap and shampoo if possible.

ELECTRICITY

The cabins and the rest of the boats have 220-volt electricity provided by a recently installed solar system, which is on 24 hours. The boat has both continental European plugs and US-style plugs. If you have US-style plugs that have one prong wider than the other, these don’t fit in the boat’s outlets, and you will need an adapter. Also, you may need a voltage converter for some 110-volt US appliances, though many cameras and battery chargers can accept either voltage; please check your equipment’s requirements.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

The rendezvous site in Iquitos has mobile phone reception and ground line access, while on the boat, there is mobile phone reception and Starlink Wi-Fi.

Please note: Personal communication with outsiders is not always possible during an expedition. Earthwatch encourages volunteers to minimize outgoing calls and immerse themselves in the experience; likewise, family and friends should restrict calls to urgent messages only.

FACILITIES AND AMENITIES

We use the large, air-conditioned dining rooms for meals and lectures. Coffee and tea are free, and snacks can be purchased at the bar.

The boats have libraries with field guides and academic and classic books on the Amazon, and all boats have upper sun decks.

In addition to the main boat, we use many auxiliary boats for the field activities: several large aluminum motorized skiffs (maximum capacity: 12 people), small aluminum canoes (maximum capacity: three people), one speedboat, and one 10-meter-long rubber-boom-era launch.

FOOD AND WATER

The kitchen staff prepares breakfast, lunch, tea, and dinner, which are served by plate. Breakfast is served from 6:00 to 9:30 a.m., lunch from 1:00 to 2:00 p.m., and dinner from 7:00 to 8:00 p.m. Packed meals are provided for land-based surveys when needed. 

All cooking is done with treated drinking water brought in from a licensed company. Porcelain, cutlery, and cooking materials are sanitized in a chloride solution. Uncooked foods, such as salads, are prepared using latex gloves.

TYPICAL MEALS

The following are examples of foods you may find in the field. Variety depends on availability. We appreciate your flexibility.

• Breakfast: Coffee, tea, milk, toast with jam and butter, cereal, yogurt drinks, fruit drinks, oatmeal, eggs, fruits, ham, cheese
• Lunch: Fish, beef, poultry, or pasta; salad, soup, rice, potatoes, bread and butter; dessert, juice, coffee, tea
• Tea: Tea, coffee
• Dinner: Fish, beef, poultry, or pasta; salad, soup, rice, potatoes, bread and butter; dessert, juice, coffee, tea
• Snacks: Bread, fruits, crackers, and other snacks are available at the bar area.
• Beverages: We have treated water bought from a licensed company for drinking. Fruit juices are provided, and additional drinks can be purchased at the bar.

SPECIAL DIETARY REQUIREMENTS

Please alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements (e.g., diabetes, lactose intolerance, nut, other food allergies, vegetarian or vegan diets) as soon as possible and note them in the space on your volunteer forms.

The food service can accommodate vegetarian and vegan diets; however, it is recommended you bring some of your favorite snacks. 

Amazon Riverboat Exploration

Essential Eligibility Requirements

All participants must be able to:

• Enjoy being outdoors and around water all day, in all types of weather, in the potential presence of wild animals, insects, and mold.
• Tolerate approximately 28°C (82°F) to 35°C (95°F) heat, direct sun, and high humidity levels.
• Be comfortable and maintain balance climbing in and out of small boats, walking on the large research vessel's deck, which can be slippery at times, and climbing boat stairways.
• Sit on auxiliary boats for three to six hours daily for at least four days.
• Carry personal daily supplies such as water, rain gear, and some small field equipment.
• Function without a consistent source of electricity. Solar lights are 24 hours, plugs 12 hours, and will not always run throughout the night; therefore, the project cannot accommodate electrical devices such as a C-PAP machine.
• Participants who choose to take part in terrestrial transects must be able to:
• Traverse cleared paths on dry and wet forest trails, which can be very muddy terrain at a pace of one km per hour for up to four hours per day while carrying personal supplies and small field equipment.
• Follow verbal and/or visual instructions independently or with the assistance of a companion.
• Take an active role in one’s safety by recognizing and avoiding hazards if and when they arise (including, but not limited to, those described in Earthwatch materials and safety briefings). Always comply with project staff instructions and recommended safety measures.
• Be able to effectively communicate with the staff if they are experiencing distress or need assistance.
• Be able to get along with a variety of people from different backgrounds, often in close proximity, for the duration of the team.
• Be comfortable being surrounded by a language and/or culture that is not your own.

Amazon Riverboat Exploration

Project Risks and Precautions

TRANSPORTATION

• On the Main Boat: Wear non-slip shoes when on the deck, and always use handrails when going up and down the stairs. Do not sit on rails, dangle feet over the deck, or enter the engine room. We have taken the following safety precautions: Life vests are readily available for all volunteers and staff. Life rings are visibly placed along railings. Fire meeting points are pointed out to all passengers and crew. The boat crew is trained in emergency procedures, and all crew members are certified by the Peruvian Coast Guard and have official maritime marine documents. The Peruvian Coast Guard inspects the boat for safety. 
• On the Auxiliary Boats/Canoes: You must always wear a life vest when working from the auxiliary boats or canoes. You will always go with a boat guide in these smaller boats. You should not handle the outboard engines or enter the immediate engine area. All guides are trained in boat safety and handling. Canoes and auxiliary boats will never exceed their maximum capacity. All guides can swim and can assist volunteers in an emergency. 
• Police/Coast Guard/Military Controls: The expedition may have to pass through official security controls; please do not be alarmed by these. The PI and staff will handle all controls. You should provide passport information when requested by the PI, staff, and/or officials at the controls.
• Forest Transects/Trails: Transect census walks can be physically demanding and potentially dehydrating. Please bring a minimum of one liter (approx. 33 ounces) of drinking water on the transects. Walk slowly and rest frequently if overheated. You must always wear field boots and field clothes. We also suggest using a walking stick (which you can cut in the forest) when going through muddy areas. Guides will also pace the walk-in according to the physical condition of volunteers and the terrain. You will be informed about any potentially harmful plants along the trails, especially those with thorns. Thorns will be removed and treated with a disinfectant solution and antibiotic cream. Messengers on foot will alert the boat crew in case of emergency during terrestrial transects because handheld radio signals are unreliable in the dense forest.

ANIMALS

• Handling Fish: Handling fish is entirely voluntary. Once project staff have properly secured the animals, volunteers will only handle fish, including piranha. You should wear leather gloves to handle any species of live fish. In the event of a bite, first aid will be administered, and, depending on severity, the person may be taken to the nearest clinic. 
• Mosquitos: Mosquitos are most abundant inside the forest on terrestrial transects. Long-sleeved shirts, mosquito net hats, and insect repellant are the best ways to decrease annoyance.
• Snakes: In the past 20 years of the project, no venomous snake has bitten anyone. Nevertheless, harmful snakes, including fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and coral snakes, live in the area. Anti-venom is available in Iquitos and can be applied in a clinic, so the plan is to get the injured person to a clinic or hospital as soon as possible. Guides will carry extractors and pressure bandages into the field. All volunteers should wear rubber boots or snake guards when walking in the forest to protect their ankles and carefully examine any area where they walk or sit. 
• Insects: Biting and/or stinging bees, wasps, bullet ants, scorpions, and spiders are all present in the research area. Team members will occasionally be bitten or stung, but these injuries are usually not very severe. If anyone develops an allergic reaction, they will be taken to the nearest clinic. If you are allergic to insects, please discuss this with your doctor and bring appropriate medication (e.g., antihistamines, at least two Epi-Pens). Insect bites can get infected, so you should treat and clean any bites. To repel insects, please wear appropriate footwear and clothing and bring insect repellent into the field. Only touch trees after first checking for dangerous insects, and carefully examine any area where you intend to sit down. Volunteers should turn off flashlights/torches during the caiman surveys if wasps are present. Anti-red-eye flashes should also be turned off on cameras, and the person handling the spotlight should wear leather gloves.
• Domestic Animals and Pets: Volunteers should not touch, pet, or handle any domestic animals at the guard posts, villages, or towns, including dogs, cats, chickens, ducks, pet primates, parrots, macaws, and other species.

CLIMATE/WEATHER

It will be hot and humid. You will need to protect yourself from the sun with appropriate clothing and sunscreen (at least 30 to 60 SPF) and drink plenty of water throughout the day to avoid dehydration. Some of the small auxiliary boats have sunshades, but the reflection off the water can still cause sunburn. After-burn cream will be available. A rehydration solution may be given to anyone who gets dehydrated. It can rain at any time of the year, so please bring light rain gear suitable for tropical climates. All volunteers should wear light, warm clothes during the early-morning macaw transects and the evening and night caiman surveys, which can be chilly.

Because of the high humidity, those using hearing aid devices may find they don’t work properly.

PERSONAL SECURITY

Always stay with a group when on the expedition. We advise against attending late-night activities in Iquitos. If you encounter a problem while away from the boat, contact the nearest police station or consulate. Local authorities will be contacted if any illegal activity occurs.

SWIMMING

Swimming is not permitted on this project.

DISTANCE FROM MEDICAL CARE

The nearest hospital is a clinic in Nauta, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) from the site and one hour to reach by speedboat. The hospital in Iquitos is 130 kilometers (80 miles) from the site and takes approximately 3 hours to reach. If you have a chronic condition that could require immediate medical care (e.g., heart conditions, kidney problems, severe asthma, etc.), or if you are pregnant, please discuss your participation on this expedition with your physician.

DISEASES

Diseases found in this region may include malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, cholera, tuberculosis, filariasis, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, hepatitis, leptospirosis, chikungunya, polio, tick-borne encephalitis, plague, typhoid, and others. You can decrease your risk of most diseases by avoiding mosquito bites, wearing protective clothing and shoes, practicing good hygiene, and drinking only bottled or filtered water when appropriate. Chloroquine-resistant malaria is endemic to the Peruvian Amazon and has been frequently reported in towns such as Nauta. Rabies is present in the region and can be transmitted by stray dogs and bats. Whether you have been vaccinated or not, always avoid loose and stray dogs. The pre-exposure vaccination does not eliminate the need for post-exposure medical attention and treatment, but it does provide additional protection against the disease in the event of a delay in treatment. In addition, bites or scratches should be immediately and thoroughly washed with soap, clean water, and a topical povidone-iodine solution or ethanol. If you feel ill once you return from your trip, inform your doctor that you have recently returned from a tropical region.

For more information on these conditions and how to avoid them, please visit the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc.gov) or the World Health Organization (who.int) websites.

COVID-19 DISEASE RISKS 

COVID-19 remains an evolving risk to communities and individuals around the world.

Earthwatch strongly encourages you to stay up to date with your vaccinations, including receiving booster doses if available, and to continue to limit your exposure before your program, such as wearing a mask during travel and frequently washing your hands. Persons with a higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19 should consult with their healthcare provider before participation. 

If you, or another person on site, display symptoms of illness or test positive for COVID-19, you may be required to wear a mask, test for COVID-19, seek medical advice, isolate/quarantine on- or off-site, cease or limit participation in program activities, and/or take other precautions. If local conditions or recommendations from authorities change, additional requirements may be implemented. 

If you must isolate or depart from a program due to COVID-19 or other illness, you will not be entitled to a refund of the contribution for the program, nor any expenses resulting from your participation in the program or a disruption of your travel plans. We strongly encourage you to purchase travel insurance that will cover this eventuality.

Amazon Riverboat Exploration

Resources

ARTICLES

• Bodmer, R., P. Mayor, M. Antunez, K. Chota, T. Fang, P. Puertas, M. Pittet, M. Kirkland, M. Walkey, C. Rios, P. Perez-Peña, P. Henderson, W. Bodmer, A. Bicerra, J. Zegarra and E. Docherty. 2018. Major shifts in Amazon wildlife populations from recent intensification of floods and drought. Conservation Biology. 32(2): 333-344
• Bodmer, R., P. Mayor, M. Antunez, T. Fang, K. Chota, T. Ahuanari Yuyarima, S. Flores, B. Cosgrove, N. López, O. Pizuri & P. Puertas. 2020. Wild Meat Species, Climate Change, and Indigenous Amazonians. Journal of Ethnobiology, 40: 220-235.
• Bodmer, R., P. Puertas, and T.G. Fang. 2008. Co-managing Wildlife in the Amazon and the Salvation of the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve in Peru. In: Manfredo, M. et al (eds.). Wildlife and Society: The Science of Human Dimensions Island Press.
• Kirkland, M., C. Eisenberg, A. Bicerra, R. Bodmer and P. Mayor 2018. Sustainable wildlife extraction and the impacts of socio-economic change among the Kukama-Kukamilla people of the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Peru. Oryx. DOI. 10.1017/S0030605317001922.
• Bodmer, R., T. Fang, M. Antunez, P. Puertas, K. Chota, M. Pittet, M. Kirkland, M. Walkey, C. Rios, P. Perez-Peña, P. Mayor, J. Zegarra and E. Docherty (2017). Impact of Recent Climate Fluctuations on Biodiversity and People in Flooded Forests of the Peruvian Amazon. CBD Technical Series No. 89, pp.81-90.
• Bodmer, R, Puertas, P, Henderson, P, Mayor, P, Antúnez, M, Fang, T, Chota, K, Arenas, M, Glotin, H, Trone, M, Cosgrove, B, Docherty, E and M. Walkey (2018). Modelamiento de los Consecuencias Previsibles del Dragado de los Principales Ríos Amazónicos Sobre la Fauna Silvestre y la Gente de los Bosques Inundados de Loreto, Perú. Folia Amazonica. Vol. 27 (2): 247-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24841/fa.v27i2.471

BOOKS

• Bodmer, R. 2014. Pacaya-Samiria: Land of Mirrors. Wust Publications. Available on board to read or purchase.
• Mayor, P., Alvarez, J. Garcia, J. and R. Bodmer. 2020. Pueblos Indígenas de la Amazonía Peruana. 2nd Ed. Available on board to read or purchase. 
• Hemming, J. 2009. Tree of Rivers: The Story of the Amazon
• Grann, D. 2010. The Lost City of Z: A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon
• Lange, A. 2011. In the Amazon Jungle
• Silvius, K., Bodmer, R., and J. Fragoso. 2004. People in Nature: Wildlife Conservation in South and Central America

FIELD GUIDES

• Clements, J.F. and N. Shany. 2001. A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru.
• Schulenberg, T.S. et al. 2010. Birds of Peru.
• Kricher, J. 1999. A Neotropical Companion.
• Bernard, H. 2002. Insight Guide: Amazon Wildlife.
• Emmons, L.H. and Fea, F. 1997. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide (2nd ed.).
• Bright, M. 2000. South America Revealed: A Wildlife Guide from Andes to Amazon.

PROJECT FIELD REPORT

Each Earthwatch-supported project submits a field report on past research and results. The most recent for this project is available online at https://earthwatch.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/2022_Amazon%20Riverboat%20Exploration_Field%20Report.pdf. (Reports not available for all projects.)

PROJECT-RELATED WEBSITES

• Latin American Wildlife Society (in Spanish)
• FundAmazonia
• Dr. Bodmer’s homepage
• Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve
• Museums

LITERATURE CITED

• Bodmer, R., P. Mayor, M. Antunez, T. Fang, K. Chota, T. Ahuanari Yuyarima, S. Flores, B. Cosgrove, N. López, O. Pizuri & P. Puertas. 2020. Wild Meat Species, Climate Change, and Indigenous Amazonians. Journal of Ethnobiology, 40: 220-235.
• Bodmer, R., P. Mayor, M. Antunez, K. Chota, T. Fang, P. Puertas, M. Pittet, M. Kirkland, M. Walkey, C. Rios, P. Perez-Peña, P. Henderson, W. Bodmer, A. Bicerra, J. Zegarra and E. Docherty. 2018. Major shifts in Amazon wildlife populations from recent intensification of floods and drought. Conservation Biology
• Bodmer, R.E. and P.E. Puertas. 2007. Impacts of Displacement in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Perú. En: Protected Areas and Human Displacement: A Conservation Perspective. Redford, K.H. y E. Fearn (eds). WCS Working Papers 29:29-33.
• Bodmer, R, Puertas, P, Henderson, P, Mayor, P, Antúnez, M, Fang, T, Chota, K, Arenas, M, Glotin, H, Trone, M, Cosgrove, B, Docherty, E and M. Walkey (2018). Modelamiento de los Consecuencias Previsibles del Dragado de los Principales Ríos Amazónicos Sobre la Fauna Silvestre y la Gente de los Bosques Inundados de Loreto, Perú. Folia Amazonica. Vol. 27 (2): 247-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24841/fa.v27i2.471
• Bodmer, R.E. and Robinson, J.G. 2004. Evaluating the sustainability of hunting in the Neotropics. In: Silvius, K., Bodmer, R. and Fragoso, J. (eds.) People in Nature: Wildlife Conservation in South and Central America, Columbia University Press, New York, 299-323.
• Mayor, P. and Bodmer, R. 2009. Pueblos Indígenas de la Amazonía Peruana. Ed. CETA, Iquitos, Peru, pp. 312, ISBN: 978-612-00-0069-4
• Espinoza JC., Ronchail J., Frappart F., Lavado W., Santini W., Guyot JL., 2013. The major floods in the Amazonas River and tributaries (Western Amazon basin) during the 1970 – 2012 period: A focus on the 2012 flood. Journal of Hydrometeorology 14: 1000-1008.

Amazon Riverboat Exploration