Investigating Threats to Chimps in Uganda

This project has been amended to incorporate several health and safety measures to allow responsible fielding of teams during the COVID-19 pandemic. Please refer to the COVID Disclosure Form for more details. 

Before Fielding 

• Vaccination against COVID-19 is required for all participants. Staying up to date with your vaccinations, including receiving booster doses if available, is strongly encouraged. 
• Become familiar with and abide by the local COVID requirements up to date vaccinations, including boosters, mandatory quarantine, or other guidelines. 
• Do not travel to your Earthwatch expedition or program if you: 
  • are experiencing symptoms consistent with COVID-19 (cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, fever, chills, muscle pain, sore throat, or new loss of taste or smell), 
  • are confirmed or suspected as having COVID-19 within the past 10 days
  • have been in close contact with someone suspected or confirmed as having COVID-19 in the past 10 days 
• You are highly encouraged to take a COVID-19 test one day before or the morning of your rendezvous, before meeting up with your team.

While in the Field 

Important requirements on this expedition: As we consider the different threats to chimpanzees in Uganda, we must address one of the world’s newest risks: COVID-19. There is still much scientists are learning about the impacts of COVID-19 on chimpanzee populations. With populations already deeply threatened, we cannot risk COVID-19 becoming another cause for their decline. To ensure that the presence of visiting Earthwatch teams does not increase the risk of COVID-19 exposure for chimpanzees, the first five days of each team will include research presentations, fieldwork training, and research tasks that do not engage directly with the primates. There will still be much to learn and important work to complete during these first days. The chimp research will then begin following this 5-day isolation period. Also, given the genetic similarities we share with these “closest living cousins”, we require that face masks be worn both during the isolation period when around others and afterwards, EVEN WHEN OUTSIDE, when observing chimpanzees, as well as the other primate species. 

Additional Earthwatch COVID-19 safety measures:

• Face masks will be required in line with local regulations and/or when instructed by project leadership. In areas or on projects where mask use is no longer required, the use of face masks will be optional. Any individual who wishes to continue to mask will be supported in that decision. 
• Participants and project staff will continue to wash or sanitize hands frequently and maintain physical distance whenever possible. 
• All team members will be asked to monitor their own health through daily health checks. 
• Recreational activities may be limited or require additional face mask requirements to reduce the risk of exposure to team members or to the local community.
• Meals and activities will take place outside whenever possible. 
• Ventilation will be increased indoors and within enclosed vehicles whenever possible. 

In Uganda’s Budongo Forest Reserve, as in any other ecosystem, the health of one species depends on everything around it. The 700–800 chimpanzees that thrive here are part of one of the largest populations in Uganda. These chimpanzees depend on the trees for food, and the trees in turn depend on a hospitable climate and healthy pollinator population. Birds are also an important part of forest ecology, as both consumers of fruit and as agents of seed dispersal. Humans, too, rely on this forest: many who live at the forest’s edges make their living from it, and their ability to prosper depends on how healthy it stays.

But what happens when something in the ecosystem changes? On Investigating Threats to Chimps in Uganda, we hope to find out. For over 20 years, we have monitored tree phenology in the reserve—the timing of natural events like flowering, fruiting, and leaf shedding—and the data we have collected indicates a 15% reduction in the total number of trees that produce fruit in a period of 15 years. Most of these trees are still alive but are simply not fruiting anymore. We don’t know precisely what has caused this reduction, but we know that it may have profound significance: it could make it harder for plants to grow and regenerate, alter the way chimpanzees, other primates and birds forage, and critically, cause additional conflict between humans and wildlife. We are also currently implementing a nutrient manipulation experiment, and we will expand our observations of plant/animal life cycle events to these plots.

On this project, you will help us to investigate both the causes and potential impacts of the tree phenology changes we have observed. We’ll look at how climate change and changing forest structure may have caused these changes. We’ll also explore how fruit-eating birds and primates, primarily chimps, have coped with the new fruiting pattern: Do they forage at different times or places? Is their dietary composition changing? Do they raid people’s crops more often? Are the changes in fruit production a “push factor”—driving the chimps and other primates to seek out other sources or food or do the neighboring farmers’ gardens serve as a “pull factor”, drawing in these primates due to the concentration of highly nutritious food within a small area (garden). These questions can lead us to develop better forest management strategies and help us protect the well-being of chimps and people alike.

Because we have studied primates and trees in the Budongo Forest Reserve since the early 1990s (Plumptre 1996), we have an excellent opportunity to detect long-term change. Our tree phenology observations throughout the years can help us see how plant species respond to changes in climate (Tutin and Fernandez 1993), a critical question as we investigate what a warmer climate means for agriculture and plant diversity and health. To assess whether changes in nutrient availability might be influencing fruit productivity, we are collaborating with Makerere University and scientists from several European universities in a large-scale experiment looking at the effects of added nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) to forest plots and monitoring the impact on fruit production. We can also compare the foraging patterns we observed in the past with current foraging patterns, which helps us understand not only how life in this forest has changed, but also how primate species may adapt to the effects of climate change in tropical rainforests everywhere. We will also compare the current composition and abundance of frugivorous birds with the data collected in the early-mid 1990s to determine whether reduced fruiting is affecting bird communities as well.

You’ll contribute to four major components of our research:

PRIMATE FORAGING

While in the Budongo Forest Reserve, you’ll have the unusual opportunity to watch primates closely in their natural habitat. Working with field assistants, you will follow primates’ foraging behavior from around 7:00 a.m. until noon, and again from 3:00–6:00 p.m. Over the course of the project, you’ll likely get to observe a few different primate species chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), blue monkeys Cercopithecus mitis), red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius), and black and white colobus (Colobus guereza), and learn to identify the many different types of trees whose fruit they eat.

BIRD COMPOSITION

You will participate in mist-netting surveys of bird communities in selected forest blocks. The captured birds will be identified using bird guides and expert field assistants. With 360 species of birds recorded, the Budongo Forest is recognized as an important bird habitat in Uganda. The abundance of fruit-eating birds—including turacos and forest hornbills—will help shed light on the state of the fruiting trees and how it affects their populations.

TREE PHENOLOGY

Until 2011 we collected phenology data from 206 plots established along 10 two-kilometer (a little over one mile) transects, which are the set paths along which we make our observations. Then we increased the number of transects we monitor to 30, and the total number of plots along them to 607. This expansion allows us to research more types of forest within the reserve, but it also means we need many more eyes in the field to complete our data collection on schedule each month. Your help is therefore invaluable as you walk transects with us and make observations of tree fruiting patterns and take measurements of canopy openness in the research plots. We also monitor rainfall and temperature in each forest type to capture a full picture of the environment. This will enable us to understand why many tree species are no longer fruiting and investigate the likelihood that climate change is influencing fruiting patterns.

In addition to determining the causes of reduced tree fruiting, we would like to understand how trees are utilizing their energy given that they are reproducing less. Moreover, with increased atmospheric carbon dioxide it is plausible that trees are responding by increasing their growth rate at the expense of reproduction. You will be helping us gain evidence for changes in forest processes due to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This will be done through measurement of the forest ecosystem carbon budget both above and below ground to assess what changes in stem growth mean for overall ecosystem carbon storage and release.

Our involvement in each of the above research areas will vary throughout the year depending on the season and fruiting of the trees. Your team may not participate in all the above tasks, so we ask you to be flexible, as this is the nature of field research.

As we consider the different threats to chimpanzees in Uganda, we must address one of the world’s newest risks: COVID-19. There is still much scientists are learning about the impacts of COVID-19 on chimpanzee populations. With populations already deeply threatened, we cannot risk COVID-19 becoming another cause for their decline. To ensure that the presence of visiting Earthwatch teams does not increase the risk of COVID-19 exposure for chimpanzees, the first five days of each team will include research presentations, fieldwork training, and research tasks that do not engage directly with the primates. There will still be much to learn and important work to complete during these first days. Following this 5-day isolation period, the chimp research will then begin. Also, given the genetic similarities we share with these “closest living cousins”, we require that face masks be worn both during the isolation period when around others and afterwards, EVEN WHEN OUTSIDE, when observing chimpanzees, as well as the other primate species. 

On this project, you will research foraging behavior of monkeys and chimpanzees for three full days in your week. Your team will split into two to three groups that will alternate between chimpanzee foraging and monkey foraging. Therefore, each volunteer will spend two days collecting data on the foraging behavior of chimpanzees (one day with a semi-habituated group and one day with a fully habituated group) and one day collecting data on the foraging behavior of monkeys (species vary in their habituation levels). “Habituated” animals are wild animals that have become accustomed to human presence to the extent that they perceive humans as part of their natural environment. However, please be mindful that chimpanzees, like all wildlife, are unpredictable in their ranging patterns and behavior, and on some days the researchers do not see them. 

The other two research days will involve a mix of tree growth, phenology, bird surveys, and crop-raiding research. This research will happen first, during the 5-day isolation period when chimpanzee contact and fieldwork is restricted, followed by the primate research days.

DAILY ACTIVITIES

Weather and research needs can lead to changes in the daily schedule. We appreciate your cooperation and understanding.

The first couple days of each team include an important isolation period where participants will participate in educational and informative lectures and training, engaging with a variety of different local field staff and scientists at the research station. These presentations and outdoor interactive demos will help prepare participants for fieldwork activities, beginning on Day 4. Once the 5-day isolation period is complete and participants are feeling well and have received two confirmed negative COVID tests (1 rapid on Day 3, and 1 PCR on Day 5), primate fieldwork can safely begin on Day 6. Please see below for a detailed itinerary.

On some fieldwork days, the team may not return to the forest in the afternoon, and will instead sort, compile, and profile the insects and biomass samples collected, usually working in the lab at the camp. The team will alternate between activities, and you’ll receive a full schedule on arrival. Data collection in local communities is often an afternoon activity. This allows the locals to attend to their subsistence farms in the mornings.

ITINERARY

• Day 1: 
  • Morning: rendezvous in Entebbe. Drive to Budongo Conservation Field Station, with a stopover at a shopping center on the outskirts of Kampala to exchange money and buy any last-minute essentials. 
  • 3:00 p.m. Lunch in Masindi before arriving on site.
  • 7:00 p.m. Team dinner and welcome orientation.
• Day 2:
  • Morning presentations on History of the Research Station, Risk Briefing & General Health Risks, and Project Research Objectives and Activities; Afternoon introduction to the camp facilities.
• Day 3:
  • Introduction to phenology and primate foraging data collection methods; Volunteers conduct take-home COVID-19 rapid tests (required in packing list). 
• Day 4:
  • Birding and phenology fieldwork during the morning and early afternoon; Afternoon lecture from resident researcher
• Day 5:
  • Birding and phenology fieldwork during the morning and early afternoon; Evening Chimpanzee Health Monitoring Program Talk
  • Participants complete COVID PCR test at a local facility. 
• Days 6–7:
  • Chimpanzee foraging fieldwork
• Days 8–9:
  • Recreational days (e.g., resting at camp, trip to Murchison Falls National Park, shopping in Masindi, Kinyara Pool and Bar, own activities). 
• Day 10:
  • Monkey foraging fieldwork during the morning and early afternoon; conservation activities in neighboring local communities in the afternoon.
• Day 11:
  • Snare patrol, snare setting and working demonstration during the morning and early afternoon; debrief, cleaning, and preparations for travel home in the afternoon onwards.
• Day 12:
  • Travel to Entebbe/Kampala in the morning at 9:00 a.m.

Tasks vary according to seasons. Researchers set the exact timetables within two weeks of each team once they know what data can be collected.

RECREATIONAL TIME

At the camp, you’ll have opportunities to relax and socialize. Sometimes researchers and other camp residents play volleyball or Frisbee in the evenings. Those keen to birdwatch can take an evening stroll to the Royal Mile, a 10- to 15-minute walk away. Twice a month the administration hosts a dinner at camp, to give the management, researchers, and volunteers a chance to interact and learn more about the work being done by different teams at the field station. During the dinners, we encourage participants to make presentations about any conservation-related topic (this could be something you have been involved with back home, or a current project).

During weekends (non-working days), you may opt to go shopping at the local markets in Masindi, and you may have a chance to go out with the veterinary team for their periodic veterinary rounds in the local communities. You can also spend the day relaxing at local Kinyara Sugar Works, which has a swimming pool, bar, and table tennis facilities (per Earthwatch policy, please do not drink before swimming).

You may also choose to arrange your own recreational activities over these two days, (e.g., a trip to Murchison Falls National Park or a Rhino Sanctuary*). Depending on the service provider you select, you may be asked to sign a release form before leaving the research site and to arrange your own travel to and from the research camp.

Some of the above recreational activities may be subject to change depending on the risk of COVID-19 contamination within the local community at the time of fielding. Field Staff will communicate any changes to participants at the start of each team.

*Note: If you plan on arranging your own Safari at Murchison Falls, you can expect to pay upward of 500 USD depending on a variety of factors including the service provider and number of people participating. 

IMPORTANT: Those who choose to leave camp on the designated recreation days must take extra precaution regarding the WHO COVID-19 Prevention Guidelines.

* Please note that not every expedition has couples’ or singles accommodations available. Please call or email Earthwatch to check for availability prior to reserving your space(s) on the team.

SLEEPING

You’ll stay in the heart of the reserve at the Budongo Conservation Field Station, an opportunity that an ordinary tourist doesn’t have. The station has five residential houses, each of which can accommodate up to six people (including research students, who may be in residence during your expedition). We host researchers from all over the world, so you’re likely to meet a diverse group of people when you visit.

In the house, you’ll have a private bedroom with a bed, sheets, pillows, blankets, a mosquito net, and a reading desk and chair. We have two rooms with double beds for couples, and you can reserve one at no extra charge, depending on availability, through Earthwatch.

* Earthwatch will honor each person’s assertion of gender identity, respectfully and without judgment. For both teen and adult teams, where logistics dictate single-sex accommodations or other facilities, participant placements will be made in accordance with the gender identity the participant specified on their Earthwatch Participant form and/or preferences indicated in discussions with Earthwatch.

BATHROOMS

You’ll share four on-site pit latrines. The station also has two showers connected to water tanks, and each evening a staff member fills the water tanks and heats them to provide for quick hot showers. Water for Budongo Conservation Field Station (BCFS) is harvested from the roofs during the wet season and stored in tanks around the camp. The tanks have taps at about half a meter (one and a half feet) off the ground for face and hand washing. In the dry season, water for showers, laundry, and cleaning is taken from the Sonso River. Please always be resourceful with water. Three staff members clean the rooms, showers, and toilets on a regular basis. Please remember to bring a headlamp with you for using the latrines at night and general use for activities around the camp after dark and before sunrise.

ELECTRICITY

All rooms have solar electricity for lighting. There are three workspaces designated for charging laptops and other electronic equipment. Usually, we do not have power failures during the dry seasons (December through March and June through August) when the sun is constantly out. However, during the wet season, the cloudy, rainy weather limits the amount of solar energy available. We conserve power when necessary, but we also have a standby generator in case we need to charge equipment for the next day’s work.

Both the solar system and generator have a 240-volt output. The station has three-pin U.K.-type outlets.

Batteries are not recyclable in Uganda. Please take any used batteries back to your home country for proper disposal.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

The field station has access to mobile telephone networks. You can easily buy local network mobile phone cards for your mobile phone; this is recommended as the most affordable option.

We have dial-up Internet access, but the connection is often weak. If you bring a laptop, you can purchase your own mobile modem for roughly 100,000 Ugandan shillings (about US$40) for a one- month subscription. Or you can borrow the camp’s mobile Internet hook-ups if researchers are not using them.

Please note: Personal communication with outsiders is not always possible while participating in an expedition. Earthwatch encourages volunteers to minimize outgoing calls and immerse themselves in the experience; likewise, family and friends should restrict calls to urgent messages only.

DISTANCE TO THE FIELD SITE

You’ll stay in the heart of Budongo Forest, practically jumping out of bed and into the forest for work each day.

The distance from sites varies by activity:

• To get to phenology transects, you’ll have to walk up to 3 kilometers (about 2 miles). The transects themselves are two kilometers long (around a mile), and you’ll have to walk to get between them, for a total daily walking distance of between six to 10 kilometers (about 3–6 miles).
• The primate groups we observe for the foraging study frequent areas within a radius of 5–7 kilometers (3–4 miles) from camp. Depending on where the primates are feeding, we will walk between 100 meters and three kilometers (300 feet to 2 miles) to the observation sites for monkey groups, and between 1–7 kilometers (0.5–4 miles) for chimpanzee groups.
• The community study sites are 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) from camp. You’ll be driven to the end of the road en route to each community, but you may need to hike some distance over uneven terrain to reach the communities, as many do not have direct road access.

FOOD AND WATER

Staff members will prepare most of your meals. At breakfast, though, you’ll get to make your own (hot or cold) depending on what you prefer; we can purchase most common Western breakfast foods in Masindi. You can help prepare evening meals if you like.

Most ingredients come from local markets and shops, which we visit once a week to pick up supplies. You can generally give input into what food we purchase and help with the mid-team shopping trip to replenish supplies.

TYPICAL MEALS

Below are examples of the foods you might eat. Variety depends on availability. It is very important that volunteers be flexible.

• Breakfast: Cereal/oats, coffee and tea, bread, eggs and chapati (flat Indian bread cooked on a griddle)
• Lunch: Sandwiches, chapati, rice, mixed vegetables, egg, fruit
• Dinner: Rice, chapati, potatoes, spaghetti, beans, beef, fish, peanuts, cowpeas (also known as black- eyed peas), eggs, and assorted fresh fruits and vegetables. You’ll also eat local dishes like cassava, matooke (stewed bananas), and ugali (also called posho—a cornmeal bread).
• Snacks: You may purchase additional snacks at your own expense when shopping in town. Options include chocolate bars, chips/crisps, and juice.
• Beverages: On selected nights, sodas will be served. If you wish to have beers and/or sodas on other days, they can be purchased locally.
• Water: You’ll get sanitized drinking water at camp, either from harvested rainwater or river water. Water is boiled over the wood stove before drinking, so it has a slightly smoky taste. DO NOT drink water from the tap or any other source and avoid ice.

SPECIAL DIETARY REQUIREMENTS

Please alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements (e.g., diabetes, lactose intolerance, nut, or other food allergies, vegetarian or vegan diets) as soon as possible, and note them in the space provided on your volunteer forms.

Accommodating special diets is not guaranteed and can be very difficult due to availability of food, location of field sites, and other local conditions. We can accommodate vegetarian diets, but vegan diets may be difficult to manage.

The information that follows is as accurate as possible, but please keep in mind that conditions may change.

You’ll encounter generally flat terrain, though on occasion there are steep valleys you may have to traverse and one of the chimpanzee groups under study are in a hillier area of the forest. Some parts of the forest have dense undergrowth, but we have an established and well-maintained grid system within the forest, along which the research teams walk to collect data. However, when following primates, the research team may move off the grid; when this happens, the team will have to walk through a dense tangle of vegetation, climb over fallen logs, bend under hanging branches and occasionally cross shallow streams. Newly cut sections of the grid system have more uneven terrain and unclear debris to walk over.

GENERAL CONDITIONS

For weather and region-specific information, please visit Wunderground.com and search for your project location.

All participants must be able to:

• Conduct primate work in good health and not be carrying a flu virus or COVID-19
• On most days, hike for approximately 6–10 kilometers (approx. 3–6 miles) each day across gentle slopes.
• One of the chimpanzee groups you’ll study has a large home range. The physical activity required to track this group is much higher than is required to track other groups (though there will be opportunities to stop and rest). When following this group, you must be able to hike from 10–20 kilometers (6–12 miles), depending on how active the chimps are, over uneven, sometimes steep, terrain.
• Hike through dense tangles of vegetation.
• Step or climb over vegetation and fallen trees.
• Traverse small streams, sometimes using logs, which require good balance, to reach some research areas.
• Carry basic research equipment, including GPS handsets, plastic containers for trapping insects, data sheets, drinking water, and on some occasions packed lunch all weighing up to three kilograms (seven pounds).
• Enjoy being outdoors all day in all types of weather, often exposed to heat and sun for long periods of time.
• Make visual observations of animals feeding high in the canopies, approximately 40 meters (131 feet) high. Binoculars may be provided, but it is generally advisable that you may carry your own.
• Get yourself up into and down out of a vehicle, as well as ride, seated with a seatbelt fastened, for about five hours on arrival and departure days, and be comfortable for shorter driving periods daily. Roads are mainly paved for the longer travel routes, but for shorter periods, travel is off-road.
• Squat low to the ground with no support to use the pit toilets.
• Get low enough to use water from rainwater storage tanks for face- and handwashing, which have taps at about half a meter (one and a half feet) from the ground.
• Follow verbal and/or visual instructions independently or with the assistance of a companion.
• Take an active role in one’s own safety by recognizing and avoiding hazards if and when they arise (including, but not limited to, those described in Earthwatch materials and safety briefings). Always comply with project staff instructions and recommended safety measures.
• Be able to effectively communicate to the staff if experiencing distress or need assistance.
• Be able to get along with a variety of people from different backgrounds, often in close proximity, for the duration of the team.
• Be comfortable being surrounded by a language and/or culture that is not your own.

EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

Staff members have mobile phones, although not all areas of the forest have a signal. We also carry VHF radios for in- forest communication between research teams.

Earthwatch has a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week emergency hotline number. Someone is always on call to respond to messages that come into our live answering service.

IMMUNIZATIONS & TRAVEL VACCINATIONS

Please be sure your routine immunizations are up to date (for example: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) and you have the appropriate vaccinations for your travel destination. Medical decisions are the responsibility of each volunteer and his or her doctor. Visit the Center for Disease Control and Prevention or the World Health Organization for guidance on immunizations.

If traveling from countries or regions where yellow fever is endemic, you must have a certificate of vaccination.

Vaccination against COVID-19 is required for all participants. Staying up to date with your vaccinations, including receiving booster doses as applicable is strongly encouraged. 

LGBT+

As of May 30, 2023, Uganda has enacted legislation that imposes severe penalties, including imprisonment and, in some cases, capital punishment, for same-sex sexual activity and advocating or promoting LGBT+ rights. There have been reports of violence against LGBT+ people, including some committed by state officials. If you identify as LGBT+, we recommend prioritizing personal safety and informed decision-making when traveling. More information about this law can be found by visiting the "Local laws and customs'' section of GOV.UK's (www.gov.uk) Uganda travel advice page and the Uganda International Travel Information page on state.gov. 

Earthwatch does not support the anti-homosexuality regulations in Uganda, but we do support the safety and wellbeing of our participants and field staff. While we wish we did not need to make such recommendations, for their personal safety, authorities recommend travelers avoid publicly identifying themselves as LGBT+ at all times when in-country, including same-sex public displays of affection. All our time and funding on this project goes to the research needs of the chimpanzee communities and support staff working to protect them. 

TRANSPORTATION

The research area has dirt, gravel, and corrugated roads, which can be bumpy and either dusty, or muddy and slippery depending on weather conditions. Deep ruts in the road can cause the vehicle to lurch. The road from Entebbe to Masindi is paved and in fairly good condition, but road hazards still include fast and reckless drivers, livestock and wildlife in the road, and poor or no lighting on roads. We will not drive at night except in case of emergency. All project vehicles will carry means of communication, first-aid kits, and water.

Participants may not drive. Always wear seat belts when available and remain seated in your own seats when vehicles are in motion. Many people ride motorbikes in Uganda; Earthwatch participants are not insured to travel by motorbike and must not do so. Public transport hazards include poor vehicle maintenance and reckless driving. We recommend that you use special hire vehicles or taxis—make sure they have seatbelts—and do not use public transport. Do not hesitate to ask drivers to slow down, or to get out and travel with another driver if you feel uncomfortable at all.

HIKING/WORKING IN THE FOREST

You’ll encounter fallen trees; do not jump over large logs, walk around them. Terrain may be uneven and slippery when wet. Newly cut sections of trail sometimes have sharp roots sticking up from the ground. Always wear sturdy boots with good tread, and never run.

You can easily get lost—always enter the forest with a staff field assistant and carry a whistle. The field assistant will carry a compass, and we will train you to understand the forest grid system.

PLANTS/ANIMALS/INSECTS

Baboons, monkeys, and sometimes chimps may enter camp. Baboons try to scavenge food, so you must always keep your windows closed. Also ensure that all doors in camp are shut and bolted behind you. If you see an animal in camp, be calm and do not approach it. You’ll receive a full briefing on appropriate behavior around wild animals when you arrive—always follow staff instructions.

Chimpanzees occasionally carry out dominance displays around researchers—should this occur, stay calm and follow staff instructions. Do not run.

Do not eat any wild plants—some are toxic. Some also cause irritation when you come in contact with them; wear long sleeves and pants to avoid this.

Malaria is common. Bring and take a malaria prophylaxis and wear long sleeves and pants as protection from mosquito bites (and other biting insects). The project accommodations provide mosquito nets—use them. Also always use insect repellent, particularly at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes and other insects are more prevalent. You may also encounter other biting and stinging insects. If you have allergies to stings or bites, clearly indicate them on your medical form and bring any appropriate medication. Inform field staff where you keep them when you arrive.

Other insects you might encounter include ants—there are many in camp, some of which bite. You’ll soon learn which areas to avoid. Be especially careful when wearing flip-flops. Jigger flies are generally found in villages, and you best avoid them by wearing closed-toe shoes.

Mango flies, which burrow under human skin to lay larvae, are present in Uganda. You can best avoid it by having camp staff iron all clothing, after washing and before wear, and by hanging your laundry to dry indoors. NOTE: Undergarments will not be washed by camp staff as this is considered private. Volunteers should wash their own underwear if necessary and dry these items in their rooms.

We will brief you on how to avoid the venomous snakes that live in the area. Never enter the forest alone and immediately alert a staff member if you see a snake.

CLIMATE/WEATHER

Generally, the interior of the forest is comfortably cool, but it can get extremely hot outside the forest (up to 35°C), which may cause sunburn and dehydration. Avoid long sun exposure, wear protective clothing and a hat, and drink lots of fluids.

We may occasionally get rained on in the field. Always carry rain gear in your backpack and wear sturdy, waterproof boots with good tread. Poor weather may cause branches to fall. We will stop forest research activities if severe weather conditions persist.

FIRE

You will stay and work in wooden buildings, and therefore must follow strict fire prevention protocol. Smoking is prohibited at the accommodations and field sites.

COOKING

You may wish to help with cooking at the camp, which is optional. There is a risk of burns from the gas or wood cookers, and a risk of food poisoning. Ask for help if you’re using the wood cooker, and always wash your hands before preparing food.

PERSONAL SECURITY

Political demonstrations sometimes take place throughout Uganda. Such demonstrations have on occasion turned violent. Avoid any protests, demonstrations and large public gatherings; do not stop to photograph them. Terrorism is also an ongoing and indiscriminate threat in Uganda; several bomb attacks have occurred in the last few years. Exercise caution and always be vigilant. In the unlikely event of banditry, do not try to defend property—personal safety should come first. All this activity all tends to happen in major cities and border regions and are not likely at the project site. However, always stay alert and aware, particularly when traveling through Entebbe and Kampala to the project site and follow advice from local authorities and hotel personnel. When in public areas, particularly tourist destinations, do not flaunt money or valuables and always be aware of your surroundings and belongings. Leave unnecessary valuables at home. Petty crime rates are high in the larger cities. We strongly advise you not to walk alone, especially at night and in urban areas.

This project location is fairly secure, and we often leave doors unlocked. But it’s always best practice to keep valuables hidden.

SWIMMING IN OR NEAR WATER

The forest has some streams and small rivers, over which logs may have been put to enable crossing. These logs can be slippery, so cross with care and test the log’s strength before crossing. We will not cross streams deeper than ankle height via the riverbed.

Follow normal swimming pool rules if visiting the Kinyara Sugar Works pool on the recreational day. We advise you against taking any boats or ferries on Lake Albert or Lake Victoria due to their poor safety records and the likelihood of overcrowding.

DISTANCE FROM MEDICAL CARE

The nearest clinic is at minimum a 25-minute drive from the project site, and the nearest fully equipped hospital is in Kampala, at least four hours away. Transportation times may vary due to road conditions, traffic, weather, etc. If you have a chronic condition which could require immediate medical care (e.g., heart conditions, kidney problems, severe asthma, etc.), or if you are pregnant, please discuss your participation on this expedition with your physician.

DISEASE

Zoonotic diseases (those transmissible between humans and animals; the flu is most virulent) are of major concern. We’ve not had any cases in the past, but we know that, since we’re working with habituated chimpanzees, the risk of disease transmission is high. We have strict research protocols to temper this risk.

Malaria is highly endemic in most parts of Uganda and there is a risk of contracting the disease. Traveler’s diarrhea affects many international travelers.

Other diseases found in Uganda include ebola, dengue fever, filariasis, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis (river blindness), and trypanosomiasis (carried by insects), schistosomiasis (a parasitic infection), chikungunya, West Nile virus, tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis B and C, STIs, meningococcal meningitis, plague, and polio. Please see the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc.gov) or the World Health Organization (who.int) websites for more information on these conditions and how to avoid them.

You can decrease your risk of many diseases above by avoiding mosquito bites, practicing good hygiene, and drinking only bottled or filtered water. Tap water in Uganda is not safe to drink.

If you feel ill once you return from your trip, make sure you inform your doctor that you have recently returned from a tropical region.

A few notes on vaccinations and treatment:

• Malaria: Uganda is a malarial area and researchers have contracted the disease. Local Plasmodium strains are thought to be resistant to Paludrine and Chloroquine. You should speak to a physician before arriving in Uganda and bring an antimalarial that is best for you. Both Doxycycline and Mefloquine (Lariam) are available in Uganda. Malarone is not available.
• Rabies: Vaccinations are generally recommended for this expedition given the potential contact with wildlife and the prevalence of loose and stray dogs. The rabies pre-exposure vaccination consists of three doses over a 28-day period. Please be sure to consult your physician or travel health clinic well before your expedition to ensure that you have time for the full vaccination series. If you have previously been vaccinated, a booster shot may be required.

Whether you have been vaccinated or not, always avoid loose and stray dogs. The pre-exposure vaccination does not eliminate the need for post-exposure medical attention and treatment, but it does provide additional protection against the disease in event of a delay in treatment. In addition, bites or scratches should be immediately and thoroughly washed with soap, clean water, and a topical povidone-iodine solution or ethanol.

Note: Globally there is currently a shortage of the standard rabies immune globulin, which is used to treat bite victims who have NOT had the pre-exposure vaccine against rabies. In 2013 some key hospitals in Uganda had no availability of this immune globulin. Please consider this when discussing the vaccination with your doctor.

• Tuberculosis: Volunteers returning from developing countries may wish to have a (PPD)-tuberculin skin test to screen for potential infection.
• Yellow Fever: A vaccine protecting against yellow fever is available, although pregnant women and immune-compromised individuals cannot be vaccinated.

Your home country may require a certificate of vaccination for re-entry if you travel to an area where yellow fever is endemic.

Note: In recent years there has been a shortage of the yellow fever vaccine across the US. It is recommended that you discuss the vaccination and availability in your area with your doctor as soon as possible.

TRANSFER OF DISEASE TO HABITUATED PRIMATES

We take the health and safety of the fauna of Budongo Forest very seriously. COVID-19 or even a simple cough or cold could have a devastating effect on the wildlife, and potentially on BCFS operations. It is your responsibility to arrive in good health and have your routine vaccinations up to date. BCFS may require you to provide proof of vaccinations. If you suffer from a medical condition or allergies, you must ensure that these are listed on the Health section of your Earthwatch Participation Form to ensure proper arrangements can be made. There is a 5-day isolation period between the day your Earthwatch team begins and the day you are allowed into the forest for primate work, to ensure that you have not picked up any illnesses, which could then be transmitted to the forest fauna. We will schedule tasks; accordingly, you will begin with phenology and pollinator work and only move onto the primate monitoring once project staff are satisfied that there is no possibility that you are carrying any flu-like virus. Should you become ill during the project, you cannot continue with primate monitoring work; however, in some cases you may be permitted to work on other research tasks if you are sufficiently well and your illness is confirmed not to be COVID-19.

COVID-19 DISEASE RISKS

COVID-19 is an infectious disease. Although most people who have COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness, it can also cause severe illness and even death. Some people are at increased risk of severe illness. The COVID-19 virus spreads from person to person via close contact, primarily through exposure to the respiratory droplets of an infected person. Medication availability and treatment for COVID-19 varies from country to country and specific treatment options may not be possible in your destination.

Projects and participants fielding with Earthwatch commit to a number of enhanced safety measures as described in the COVID Disclosure Form. Enhanced safety measures may include physical distancing, wearing face masks, regular hand washing and surface sanitizing, heeding advice from project leadership or local authorities, adjusted logistics, and monitoring one’s own health throughout the expedition. If you get symptoms of COVID 19 or test positive while traveling you may be subject to quarantine and other local regulations that may disrupt your travel plans. Please plan for extended travel days.

RENDEZVOUS LOCATION

Entebbe, Uganda

We strongly advise volunteers to fly into Entebbe a day before the rendezvous arriving on a morning flight. Many international flights into Entebbe arrive late at night. This will provide you with time to rest and get ready for the next day’s travel to the field. 

IMPORTANT: You may be required to obtain a visa to enter Uganda in advance of your travels. Refunds will not be made for volunteers canceling due to not obtaining their visa in time to meet the team at the rendezvous. Contact your nearest Ugandan embassy or consulate to find out how to apply. Please note this process can take weeks or even months. We strongly recommend using a visa agency, which can expedite and simplify the process. You can find up-to -date visa requirements via the following site: www.travisa.com.

* Additional information will be provided by Earthwatch to meet your team. Please do not book travel arrangements such as flights until you have received additional information from Earthwatch.

ABOUT YOUR DESTINATION

Earthwatch strongly recommends that travelers investigate their destination prior to departure. Familiarity with the destination’s entry/exit requirements, visas, local laws, and customs can go a long way to ensuring smooth travel. The U.S. Department of State's Traveler’s Checklist and Destination Guides are helpful resources. For LGBTI travelers, the U.S. Department of State's LGBTI Travelers page contains many useful tips and links.

COUNTRY AND PROJECT ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

You are responsible for reviewing and abiding by the local COVID guidelines and regulations for your destination. This may include proof of testing upon arrival or departure, up to date vaccinations against COVID-19, including boosters, mandatory quarantine, or other requirements.

For information regarding Uganda, please visit COVID-19 Information—U.S. Embassy in Uganda (usembassy.gov) and Home—Ministry of Health | Government of Uganda

Entry visa requirements differ by country of origin, layover, and destination, and do change unexpectedly. For this reason, please confirm your visa requirements at the time of booking and, again, 90 days prior to travel. Please apply early for your visa (we recommend starting 6 months prior to the start of your expedition). Refunds will not be made for volunteers canceling due to not obtaining their visa in time to meet the team at the rendezvous. You can find up to date visa requirements at the following website: www.travisa.com.

If a visa is required, participants should apply for a TOURIST visa. Please note that obtaining a visa can take weeks or even months. We strongly recommend using a visa agency, which can both expedite and simplify the process.

Generally, passports must be valid for at least six months from the date of entry and a return ticket is required.

ARTICLES

• Reynolds, V. (2005). The Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford University Press.
• Briggs, P. 2010. Bradt Travel Guide: Uganda. (6th edition). This guide is highly readable and informative. We especially recommend the Natural History and Practical Information sections.

PROJECT-RELATED WEBSITE

• Budongo Conservation Field Station Website

LITERATURE CITED

• Biesmeijer J.C. S. P. M. Roberts, S.P.M., Reemer, M., Ohlemuller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A.P., Potts, S.G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C. D., Settele, J., Kunin, W. E. (2006). Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science 313, 351-354.
• Plumptre, A. J. (1996). Changes following 60 years of selective timber harvesting in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Forest Ecology and Management 89:101-113.
• Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. (1993). Relationship between minimum temperature and fruit production in some tropical forest trees in Gabon. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 9, 241-248.